Report Summary
Eternity Insights has published a new study on Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market focusing on key segments as by Type (EVA HMA,SBC HMA,PA HMA,APAO HMA,POE HMA), by Application (Case & Carton,Plastic Packaging,Labeling,Line Packaging,Others), and by region. This deep dive re-search report highlights the market and competitive intelligence across the key segments of the mar-ket. The report also considers the impact of COVID-19 on the global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market.
The report considers 2018-2020 as historic period, 2021 as base year, and 2022-2028 as forecast period. The report includes quantitative analysis of the market supported by the market drivers, challenges, and trends to accurately map the market scenario and competition. Moreover, key insights related to market having direct impact on the market will also be covered.
Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market report is based on robust research methodology designed using blend of research ap-proaches developed using secondary/desk research and validated through the primary research and expert insights. Eternity Insights also uses paid data bases such as FACIVA, Hoovers, and other bench-marking and forecasting tools to provide accurate statistical analysis of supply and demand trends.
Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Size, 2018-2028 (USD Million)
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Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Segmentation:
Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market, By Type
- EVA HMA
- SBC HMA
- PA HMA
- APAO HMA
- POE HMA
Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market, By Application
- Case & Carton
- Plastic Packaging
- Labeling
- Line Packaging
- Others
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Geographically, the market is categorized in to five regions as North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa. North America region dominates the global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives market in terms of demand generation. The Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives market in Asia Pacific region is expected to grow at significantly high growth rate. The regional market is further sub-segmented and analyzed at granular level across key countries. The report will include market size and forecast for Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives market for below listed coun-tries across each region.
North America (U.S. and Canada), Europe (Germany, France, Italy, UK, Spain, and Rest of Europe), Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, Australia, and Rest of Asia Pacific region); Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, and rest of the Latin America); Middle East and Africa (GCC, South Africa, and Rest of the Middle East and Africa).
Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Taxonomy:
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Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Competitive Landscape
The global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives market analysis report covers detailed analysis of competitive scenario across globe. The report includes profiles of leading players covering below details
- Company Overview
- Financial Analysis
- Product Portfolio Analysis
- Strategic Overview
- SWOT Analysis
List of Companies Profiled in the report:
- Henkel
- H. B. Fuller
- Bostik (Arkema)
- 3M
- Sika
- Beardow Adams
- Jowat
- Avery Dennison
- Adtek Malaysia
- Cherng Tay Technology
- Star Bond (Thailand)
- Makro Rekat Sekawa
- Yenom
- PT.MORESCO MACRO ADHESIVE
- Tex Year Industries
- Nan Pao
- Paramelt
- Other Players of Specific Interest can be added based on requirement
Market Segmentation
| Report Attributes |
Details |
| The market size value in 2021 |
USD XX.XX Million |
| CAGR (2021 - 2028) |
XX.XX % |
| The Revenue forecast in 2028 |
USD XX.XX Million |
| Base year for estimation |
2021 |
| Historical data |
2018-2019 |
| Forecast period |
2022-2028 |
| Quantitative units |
- Revenue in USD Million
- CAGR from 2021 to 2028
|
| Report coverage |
Revenue forecast, company ranking, competitive landscape, growth factors, and trends |
| Segments covered |
By Type Outlook, Application Outlook, Regional Outlook |
| By Type Outlook |
EVA HMA,SBC HMA,PA HMA,APAO HMA,POE HMA |
| By Application Outlook |
Case & Carton,Plastic Packaging,Labeling,Line Packaging,Others |
| Regional scope |
North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa |
| Country scope |
U.S., Canada, U.K., Germany, France, BENELUX, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Turkey |
| Key companies profiled |
Henkel,H. B. Fuller,Bostik (Arkema),3M,Sika,Beardow Adams,Jowat,Avery Dennison,Adtek Malaysia,Cherng Tay Technology,Star Bond (Thailand),Makro Rekat Sekawa,Yenom,PT.MORESCO MACRO ADHESIVE,Tex Year Industries,Nan Pao,Paramelt |
| Customization Available |
Yes, the report can be tailored to meet your specific requirements. |
Key Benefits to the stake holders
- Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the market based on segmentation involving both economic as well as non-economic factors
- Provision of market value (USD Billion) and volume (Tons) data for each segment and sub-segment
- Indicates the region and segment that is expected to witness the fastest growth as well as to dominate the market
- Analysis by geography highlighting the consumption of the product/service in the region as well as indicating the factors that are affecting the market within each region
- Competitive landscape which incorporates the market ranking of the major players, along with new service/product launches, partnerships, business expansions and acquisitions in the past five years of companies profiled
- Extensive company profiles comprising of company overview, company insights, product benchmarking and SWOT analysis for the major market players
- The current as well as the future market outlook of the industry with respect to recent developments (which involve growth opportunities and drivers as well as challenges and restraints of both emerging as well as developed regions
- Includes an in-depth analysis of the market of various perspectives through Porter’s five forces analysis
- Provides insight into the market through Value Chain
- Market dynamics scenario, along with growth opportunities of the market in the years to come
Table Of Contents
Table of Contents
Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Report 2020, Forecast to 2027
1 Scope of the Study
1.1 Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Introduction
1.2 Research Programs
1.3 Analysis of Macroeconomic Indicators
1.4 Years Considered
1.5 Methodology
1.6 Data Source
1.7 Research Objectives
2 Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Industry Overview
2.1 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Regions (2020-2027)
2.1.1 Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Global Import Market Analysis
2.1.2 Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Global Export Market Analysis
2.1.3 Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Global Main Region Market Analysis
2.2 Market Analysis by Type
2.2.1 EVA HMA
2.2.2 SBC HMA
2.2.3 PA HMA
2.2.4 APAO HMA
2.2.5 POE HMA
2.3.2 Plastic Packaging
2.3.3 Labeling
2.3.4 Line Packaging
2.3.5 Others
2.4.2 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue and Market Share by Manufacturer (2018-2020)
2.4.3 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Industry Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
2.4.4 Top 5 Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Manufacturer Market Share
2.4.5 Top 10 Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Manufacturer Market Share
2.4.6 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market
2.4.7 Key Manufacturers Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Product Offered
2.4.8 Mergers & Acquisitions Planning
2.5 Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Historical Development Overview
2.6 Market Dynamics
2.6.1 Market Opportunities
2.6.2 Market Risk
2.6.3 Market Driving Force
2.6.4 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
3 Upstream and Downstream Market Analysis
3.1 Upstream Analysis
3.1.1 Macro Analysis of Upstream Markets
3.1.2 Key Players in Upstream Markets
3.1.3 Upstream Market Trend Analysis
3.1.4 Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Manufacturing Cost Analysis
3.2 Downstream Market Analysis
3.2.1 Macro Analysis of Down Markets
3.2.2 Key Players in Down Markets
3.2.3 Downstream Market Trend Analysis
3.2.4 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
4 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Size Categorized by Regions
4.1 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue, Sales and Market Share by Regions
4.1.1 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
4.1.2 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
4.2 Europe Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
4.3 APAC Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
4.4 North America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
4.5 South America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
4.6 Middle East & Africa Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5 Europe Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Size Categorized by Countries
5.1 Europe Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
5.1.1 Europe Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
5.1.2 Europe Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue by Countries (2015-2020)
5.1.3 Germany Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.1.4 UK Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.1.5 France Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.1.6 Russia Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.1.7 Italy Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.1.8 Spain Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.2 Europe Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue (Value) by Manufacturers (2018-2020)
5.3 Europe Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
5.3.1 Europe Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
5.3.2 Europe Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue and Revenue Share by Type (2015-2020)
5.4 Europe Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
6 Asia-Pacific Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Size Categorized by Countries
6.1 Asia-Pacific Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
6.1.1 Asia-Pacific Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
6.1.2 Asia-Pacific Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue by Countries (2015-2020)
6.1.3 China Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.1.4 Japan Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.1.5 Korea Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.1.6 India Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.1.7 Southeast Asia Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.1.8 Australia Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.2 Asia-Pacific Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Revenue (Value) by Manufacturers (2018-2020)
6.3 Asia-Pacific Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
6.3.1 Asia-Pacific Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
6.3.2 Asia-Pacific Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue and Revenue Share by Type (2015-2020)
6.4 Asia-Pacific Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
7 North America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Size Categorized by Countries
7.1 North America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
7.1.1 North America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
7.1.2 North America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue by Countries (2015-2020)
7.1.3 United States Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
7.1.4 Canada Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
7.1.5 Mexico Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
7.2 North America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue (Value) by Manufacturers (2018-2020)
7.3 North America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
7.3.1 North America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
7.3.2 North America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue and Revenue Share by Type (2015-2020)
7.4 North America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
8 South America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Size Categorized by Countries
8.1 South America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
8.1.1 South America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
8.1.2 South America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue by Countries (2015-2020)
8.1.3 Brazil Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
8.2 South America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue (Value) by Manufacturers (2018-2020)
8.3 South America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
8.3.1 South America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
8.3.2 South America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue and Revenue Share by Type (2015-2020)
8.4 South America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
9 Middle East and Africa Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Size Categorized by Countries
9.1 Middle East and Africa Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue by Countries (2015-2020)
9.1.3 GCC Countries Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9.1.4 Turkey Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9.1.5 Egypt Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9.1.6 South Africa Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue (Value) by Manufacturers (2018-2020)
9.3 Middle East and Africa Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue and Revenue Share by Type (2015-2020)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
10 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Segment by Type
10.1 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue, Sales and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
10.1.1 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
10.1.2 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
10.2 EVA HMA Sales Growth Rate and Price
10.2.1 Global EVA HMA Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10.2.2 Global EVA HMA Price (2015-2020)
10.3 SBC HMA Sales Growth Rate and Price
10.3.1 Global SBC HMA Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10.3.2 Global SBC HMA Price (2015-2020)
10.4 PA HMA Sales Growth Rate and Price
10.4.1 Global PA HMA Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10.4.2 Global PA HMA Price (2015-2020)
10.5 APAO HMA Sales Growth Rate and Price
10.5.1 Global APAO HMA Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10.5.2 Global APAO HMA Price (2015-2020)
10.6 POE HMA Sales Growth Rate and Price
10.6.1 Global POE HMA Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10.6.2 Global POE HMA Price (2015-2020)
11.1 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging AdhesivesSales Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
11.2 Case & Carton Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
11.3 Plastic Packaging Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
11.4 Labeling Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
11.5 Line Packaging Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
11.6 Others Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
12.1 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate (2020-2027)
12.2 Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2027)
12.2.1 Europe Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Forecast (2020-2027)
12.2.2 APAC Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Forecast (2020-2027)
12.2.3 North America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Forecast (2020-2027)
12.2.4 South America Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Forecast (2020-2027)
12.2.5 Middle East & Africa Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Forecast (2020-2027)
12.3 Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Forecast by Type (2020-2027)
12.3.1 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales Forecast by Type (2020-2027)
12.3.2 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Share Forecast by Type (2020-2027)
12.4 Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Forecast by Application (2020-2027)
12.4.1 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Sales Forecast by Application (2020-2027)
12.4.2 Global Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Market Share Forecast by Application (2020-2027)
13 Analysis of Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Industry Key Manufacturers
13.1 Henkel
13.1.1 Company Details
13.1.2 Product Information
13.1.3 Henkel Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.1.4 Main Business Overview
13.1.5 Henkel News
13.2 H. B. Fuller
13.2.1 Company Details
13.2.2 Product Information
13.2.3 H. B. Fuller Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.2.4 Main Business Overview
13.2.5 H. B. Fuller News
13.3 Bostik (Arkema)
13.3.1 Company Details
13.3.2 Product Information
13.3.3 Bostik (Arkema) Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.3.4 Main Business Overview
13.3.5 Bostik (Arkema) News
13.4 3M
13.4.1 Company Details
13.4.2 Product Information
13.4.3 3M Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.4.4 Main Business Overview
13.4.5 3M News
13.5 Sika
13.5.1 Company Details
13.5.2 Product Information
13.5.3 Sika Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.5.4 Main Business Overview
13.5.5 Sika News
13.6 Beardow Adams
13.6.1 Company Details
13.6.2 Product Information
13.6.3 Beardow Adams Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.6.4 Main Business Overview
13.6.5 Beardow Adams News
13.7 Jowat
13.7.1 Company Details
13.7.2 Product Information
13.7.3 Jowat Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.7.4 Main Business Overview
13.7.5 Jowat News
13.8 Avery Dennison
13.8.1 Company Details
13.8.2 Product Information
13.8.3 Avery Dennison Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.8.4 Main Business Overview
13.8.5 Avery Dennison News
13.9 Adtek Malaysia
13.9.1 Company Details
13.9.2 Product Information
13.9.3 Adtek Malaysia Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.9.4 Main Business Overview
13.9.5 Adtek Malaysia News
13.10 Cherng Tay Technology
13.10.1 Company Details
13.10.2 Product Information
13.10.3 Cherng Tay Technology Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.10.4 Main Business Overview
13.10.5 Cherng Tay Technology News
13.11 Star Bond (Thailand)
13.11.1 Company Details
13.11.2 Product Information
13.11.3 Star Bond (Thailand) Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.11.4 Main Business Overview
13.11.5 Star Bond (Thailand) News
13.12 Makro Rekat Sekawa
13.12.1 Company Details
13.12.2 Product Information
13.12.3 Makro Rekat Sekawa Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.12.4 Main Business Overview
13.12.5 Makro Rekat Sekawa News
13.13 Yenom
13.13.1 Company Details
13.13.2 Product Information
13.13.3 Yenom Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.13.4 Main Business Overview
13.13.5 Yenom News
13.14 PT.MORESCO MACRO ADHESIVE
13.14.1 Company Details
13.14.2 Product Information
13.14.3 PT.MORESCO MACRO ADHESIVE Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.14.4 Main Business Overview
13.14.5 PT.MORESCO MACRO ADHESIVE News
13.15 Tex Year Industries
13.15.1 Company Details
13.15.2 Product Information
13.15.3 Tex Year Industries Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.15.4 Main Business Overview
13.15.5 Tex Year Industries News
13.16 Nan Pao
13.16.1 Company Details
13.16.2 Product Information
13.16.3 Nan Pao Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.16.4 Main Business Overview
13.16.5 Nan Pao News
13.17 Paramelt
13.17.1 Company Details
13.17.2 Product Information
13.17.3 Paramelt Hot-Melt Based Packaging Adhesives Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
13.17.4 Main Business Overview
13.17.5 Paramelt News
15 Appendix
